3.1531 \(\int \frac{b+2 c x}{(d+e x)^3 \left (a+b x+c x^2\right )} \, dx\)

Optimal. Leaf size=303 \[ \frac{(2 c d-b e) \left (-c e (3 a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+c^2 d^2\right ) \log \left (a+b x+c x^2\right )}{2 \left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^3}+\frac{-2 c e (a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+2 c^2 d^2}{(d+e x) \left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^2}-\frac{(2 c d-b e) \log (d+e x) \left (-c e (3 a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+c^2 d^2\right )}{\left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^3}+\frac{e \sqrt{b^2-4 a c} \left (-c e (a e+3 b d)+b^2 e^2+3 c^2 d^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac{b+2 c x}{\sqrt{b^2-4 a c}}\right )}{\left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^3}+\frac{2 c d-b e}{2 (d+e x)^2 \left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )} \]

[Out]

(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)*(d + e*x)^2) + (2*c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - 2
*c*e*(b*d + a*e))/((c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^2*(d + e*x)) + (Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c]*e*(
3*c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - c*e*(3*b*d + a*e))*ArcTanh[(b + 2*c*x)/Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c]])
/(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^3 - ((2*c*d - b*e)*(c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - c*e*(b*d + 3*a*
e))*Log[d + e*x])/(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^3 + ((2*c*d - b*e)*(c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2
- c*e*(b*d + 3*a*e))*Log[a + b*x + c*x^2])/(2*(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^3)

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Rubi [A]  time = 1.10475, antiderivative size = 303, normalized size of antiderivative = 1., number of steps used = 6, number of rules used = 5, integrand size = 26, \(\frac{\text{number of rules}}{\text{integrand size}}\) = 0.192 \[ \frac{(2 c d-b e) \left (-c e (3 a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+c^2 d^2\right ) \log \left (a+b x+c x^2\right )}{2 \left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^3}+\frac{-2 c e (a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+2 c^2 d^2}{(d+e x) \left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^2}-\frac{(2 c d-b e) \log (d+e x) \left (-c e (3 a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+c^2 d^2\right )}{\left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^3}+\frac{e \sqrt{b^2-4 a c} \left (-c e (a e+3 b d)+b^2 e^2+3 c^2 d^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac{b+2 c x}{\sqrt{b^2-4 a c}}\right )}{\left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )^3}+\frac{2 c d-b e}{2 (d+e x)^2 \left (a e^2-b d e+c d^2\right )} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]  Int[(b + 2*c*x)/((d + e*x)^3*(a + b*x + c*x^2)),x]

[Out]

(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)*(d + e*x)^2) + (2*c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - 2
*c*e*(b*d + a*e))/((c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^2*(d + e*x)) + (Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c]*e*(
3*c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - c*e*(3*b*d + a*e))*ArcTanh[(b + 2*c*x)/Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c]])
/(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^3 - ((2*c*d - b*e)*(c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - c*e*(b*d + 3*a*
e))*Log[d + e*x])/(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^3 + ((2*c*d - b*e)*(c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2
- c*e*(b*d + 3*a*e))*Log[a + b*x + c*x^2])/(2*(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)^3)

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Rubi in Sympy [F(-1)]  time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \[ \text{Timed out} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]  rubi_integrate((2*c*x+b)/(e*x+d)**3/(c*x**2+b*x+a),x)

[Out]

Timed out

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Mathematica [A]  time = 0.725194, size = 268, normalized size = 0.88 \[ \frac{\frac{2 \left (-2 c e (a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+2 c^2 d^2\right ) \left (e (a e-b d)+c d^2\right )}{d+e x}-2 (2 c d-b e) \log (d+e x) \left (-c e (3 a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+c^2 d^2\right )+(2 c d-b e) \left (-c e (3 a e+b d)+b^2 e^2+c^2 d^2\right ) \log (a+x (b+c x))+2 e \sqrt{4 a c-b^2} \left (-c e (a e+3 b d)+b^2 e^2+3 c^2 d^2\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{b+2 c x}{\sqrt{4 a c-b^2}}\right )+\frac{(2 c d-b e) \left (e (a e-b d)+c d^2\right )^2}{(d+e x)^2}}{2 \left (e (a e-b d)+c d^2\right )^3} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]  Integrate[(b + 2*c*x)/((d + e*x)^3*(a + b*x + c*x^2)),x]

[Out]

(((2*c*d - b*e)*(c*d^2 + e*(-(b*d) + a*e))^2)/(d + e*x)^2 + (2*(c*d^2 + e*(-(b*d
) + a*e))*(2*c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - 2*c*e*(b*d + a*e)))/(d + e*x) + 2*Sqrt[-b^2 + 4
*a*c]*e*(3*c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - c*e*(3*b*d + a*e))*ArcTan[(b + 2*c*x)/Sqrt[-b^2 +
4*a*c]] - 2*(2*c*d - b*e)*(c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - c*e*(b*d + 3*a*e))*Log[d + e*x]
+ (2*c*d - b*e)*(c^2*d^2 + b^2*e^2 - c*e*(b*d + 3*a*e))*Log[a + x*(b + c*x)])/(2
*(c*d^2 + e*(-(b*d) + a*e))^3)

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Maple [B]  time = 0.02, size = 1033, normalized size = 3.4 \[ \text{result too large to display} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]  int((2*c*x+b)/(e*x+d)^3/(c*x^2+b*x+a),x)

[Out]

-12/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*arctan((2*c*x+b)/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2))*
a*b*c^2*d*e^2-3/2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*c^2*ln(c*x^2+b*x+a)*b*d^2*e-4/(a*e^2-b*d
*e+c*d^2)^3/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*arctan((2*c*x+b)/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2))*a^2*e^3*c^2+3/
2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*c*ln(c*x^2+b*x+a)*a*b*e^3-3/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*c^2*ln
(c*x^2+b*x+a)*a*d*e^2+3/2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*c*ln(c*x^2+b*x+a)*b^2*d*e^2-3/(a
*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*ln(e*x+d)*a*b*c*e^3-1/2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*ln(c*x^2+b*x+a
)*b^3*e^3+1/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*c^3*ln(c*x^2+b*x+a)*d^3-1/2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2
)/(e*x+d)^2*b*e+1/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)/(e*x+d)^2*c*d+1/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*ln(e
*x+d)*b^3*e^3-2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*ln(e*x+d)*c^3*d^3+1/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^2/
(e*x+d)*b^2*e^2+2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^2/(e*x+d)*c^2*d^2-3/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3/
(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*arctan((2*c*x+b)/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2))*b^2*c^2*d^2*e+5/(a*e^2-b*d
*e+c*d^2)^3/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*arctan((2*c*x+b)/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2))*a*b^2*c*e^3+12
/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*arctan((2*c*x+b)/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2))*a*c
^3*d^2*e+3/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*arctan((2*c*x+b)/(4*a*c-b^2)^
(1/2))*b^3*c*d*e^2+6/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*ln(e*x+d)*a*c^2*e^2*d-3/(a*e^2-b*d*e+
c*d^2)^3*ln(e*x+d)*b^2*c*d*e^2+3/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3*ln(e*x+d)*b*c^2*d^2*e-2/(
a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^2/(e*x+d)*b*c*d*e-1/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^3/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*a
rctan((2*c*x+b)/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2))*b^4*e^3-2/(a*e^2-b*d*e+c*d^2)^2/(e*x+d)*a*c*e
^2

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Maxima [F]  time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \[ \text{Exception raised: ValueError} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]  integrate((2*c*x + b)/((c*x^2 + b*x + a)*(e*x + d)^3),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

Exception raised: ValueError

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Fricas [A]  time = 16.8081, size = 1, normalized size = 0. \[ \text{result too large to display} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]  integrate((2*c*x + b)/((c*x^2 + b*x + a)*(e*x + d)^3),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

[1/2*(6*c^3*d^5 - 13*b*c^2*d^4*e - a^2*b*e^5 + 2*(5*b^2*c + 2*a*c^2)*d^3*e^2 - 3
*(b^3 + 2*a*b*c)*d^2*e^3 + 2*(2*a*b^2 - a^2*c)*d*e^4 - (3*c^2*d^4*e - 3*b*c*d^3*
e^2 + (b^2 - a*c)*d^2*e^3 + (3*c^2*d^2*e^3 - 3*b*c*d*e^4 + (b^2 - a*c)*e^5)*x^2
+ 2*(3*c^2*d^3*e^2 - 3*b*c*d^2*e^3 + (b^2 - a*c)*d*e^4)*x)*sqrt(b^2 - 4*a*c)*log
((2*c^2*x^2 + 2*b*c*x + b^2 - 2*a*c - sqrt(b^2 - 4*a*c)*(2*c*x + b))/(c*x^2 + b*
x + a)) + 2*(2*c^3*d^4*e - 4*b*c^2*d^3*e^2 + 3*b^2*c*d^2*e^3 - b^3*d*e^4 + (a*b^
2 - 2*a^2*c)*e^5)*x + (2*c^3*d^5 - 3*b*c^2*d^4*e + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d^3*e^2 -
(b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*d^2*e^3 + (2*c^3*d^3*e^2 - 3*b*c^2*d^2*e^3 + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2
)*d*e^4 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*e^5)*x^2 + 2*(2*c^3*d^4*e - 3*b*c^2*d^3*e^2 + 3*(b^2*c
- 2*a*c^2)*d^2*e^3 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*d*e^4)*x)*log(c*x^2 + b*x + a) - 2*(2*c^3*
d^5 - 3*b*c^2*d^4*e + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d^3*e^2 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*d^2*e^3 + (2
*c^3*d^3*e^2 - 3*b*c^2*d^2*e^3 + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d*e^4 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*e^5
)*x^2 + 2*(2*c^3*d^4*e - 3*b*c^2*d^3*e^2 + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d^2*e^3 - (b^3 -
3*a*b*c)*d*e^4)*x)*log(e*x + d))/(c^3*d^8 - 3*b*c^2*d^7*e - 3*a^2*b*d^3*e^5 + a^
3*d^2*e^6 + 3*(b^2*c + a*c^2)*d^6*e^2 - (b^3 + 6*a*b*c)*d^5*e^3 + 3*(a*b^2 + a^2
*c)*d^4*e^4 + (c^3*d^6*e^2 - 3*b*c^2*d^5*e^3 - 3*a^2*b*d*e^7 + a^3*e^8 + 3*(b^2*
c + a*c^2)*d^4*e^4 - (b^3 + 6*a*b*c)*d^3*e^5 + 3*(a*b^2 + a^2*c)*d^2*e^6)*x^2 +
2*(c^3*d^7*e - 3*b*c^2*d^6*e^2 - 3*a^2*b*d^2*e^6 + a^3*d*e^7 + 3*(b^2*c + a*c^2)
*d^5*e^3 - (b^3 + 6*a*b*c)*d^4*e^4 + 3*(a*b^2 + a^2*c)*d^3*e^5)*x), 1/2*(6*c^3*d
^5 - 13*b*c^2*d^4*e - a^2*b*e^5 + 2*(5*b^2*c + 2*a*c^2)*d^3*e^2 - 3*(b^3 + 2*a*b
*c)*d^2*e^3 + 2*(2*a*b^2 - a^2*c)*d*e^4 + 2*(3*c^2*d^4*e - 3*b*c*d^3*e^2 + (b^2
- a*c)*d^2*e^3 + (3*c^2*d^2*e^3 - 3*b*c*d*e^4 + (b^2 - a*c)*e^5)*x^2 + 2*(3*c^2*
d^3*e^2 - 3*b*c*d^2*e^3 + (b^2 - a*c)*d*e^4)*x)*sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c)*arctan((2*c*x
+ b)/sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c)) + 2*(2*c^3*d^4*e - 4*b*c^2*d^3*e^2 + 3*b^2*c*d^2*e^3 -
b^3*d*e^4 + (a*b^2 - 2*a^2*c)*e^5)*x + (2*c^3*d^5 - 3*b*c^2*d^4*e + 3*(b^2*c -
2*a*c^2)*d^3*e^2 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*d^2*e^3 + (2*c^3*d^3*e^2 - 3*b*c^2*d^2*e^3 +
3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d*e^4 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*e^5)*x^2 + 2*(2*c^3*d^4*e - 3*b*c^2*
d^3*e^2 + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d^2*e^3 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*d*e^4)*x)*log(c*x^2 + b*
x + a) - 2*(2*c^3*d^5 - 3*b*c^2*d^4*e + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d^3*e^2 - (b^3 - 3*a
*b*c)*d^2*e^3 + (2*c^3*d^3*e^2 - 3*b*c^2*d^2*e^3 + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)*d*e^4 - (
b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*e^5)*x^2 + 2*(2*c^3*d^4*e - 3*b*c^2*d^3*e^2 + 3*(b^2*c - 2*a*c^2)
*d^2*e^3 - (b^3 - 3*a*b*c)*d*e^4)*x)*log(e*x + d))/(c^3*d^8 - 3*b*c^2*d^7*e - 3*
a^2*b*d^3*e^5 + a^3*d^2*e^6 + 3*(b^2*c + a*c^2)*d^6*e^2 - (b^3 + 6*a*b*c)*d^5*e^
3 + 3*(a*b^2 + a^2*c)*d^4*e^4 + (c^3*d^6*e^2 - 3*b*c^2*d^5*e^3 - 3*a^2*b*d*e^7 +
a^3*e^8 + 3*(b^2*c + a*c^2)*d^4*e^4 - (b^3 + 6*a*b*c)*d^3*e^5 + 3*(a*b^2 + a^2*
c)*d^2*e^6)*x^2 + 2*(c^3*d^7*e - 3*b*c^2*d^6*e^2 - 3*a^2*b*d^2*e^6 + a^3*d*e^7 +
3*(b^2*c + a*c^2)*d^5*e^3 - (b^3 + 6*a*b*c)*d^4*e^4 + 3*(a*b^2 + a^2*c)*d^3*e^5
)*x)]

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Sympy [F(-1)]  time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \[ \text{Timed out} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]  integrate((2*c*x+b)/(e*x+d)**3/(c*x**2+b*x+a),x)

[Out]

Timed out

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GIAC/XCAS [A]  time = 0.277025, size = 959, normalized size = 3.17 \[ \frac{{\left (2 \, c^{3} d^{3} - 3 \, b c^{2} d^{2} e + 3 \, b^{2} c d e^{2} - 6 \, a c^{2} d e^{2} - b^{3} e^{3} + 3 \, a b c e^{3}\right )}{\rm ln}\left (c x^{2} + b x + a\right )}{2 \,{\left (c^{3} d^{6} - 3 \, b c^{2} d^{5} e + 3 \, b^{2} c d^{4} e^{2} + 3 \, a c^{2} d^{4} e^{2} - b^{3} d^{3} e^{3} - 6 \, a b c d^{3} e^{3} + 3 \, a b^{2} d^{2} e^{4} + 3 \, a^{2} c d^{2} e^{4} - 3 \, a^{2} b d e^{5} + a^{3} e^{6}\right )}} - \frac{{\left (2 \, c^{3} d^{3} e - 3 \, b c^{2} d^{2} e^{2} + 3 \, b^{2} c d e^{3} - 6 \, a c^{2} d e^{3} - b^{3} e^{4} + 3 \, a b c e^{4}\right )}{\rm ln}\left ({\left | x e + d \right |}\right )}{c^{3} d^{6} e - 3 \, b c^{2} d^{5} e^{2} + 3 \, b^{2} c d^{4} e^{3} + 3 \, a c^{2} d^{4} e^{3} - b^{3} d^{3} e^{4} - 6 \, a b c d^{3} e^{4} + 3 \, a b^{2} d^{2} e^{5} + 3 \, a^{2} c d^{2} e^{5} - 3 \, a^{2} b d e^{6} + a^{3} e^{7}} - \frac{{\left (3 \, b^{2} c^{2} d^{2} e - 12 \, a c^{3} d^{2} e - 3 \, b^{3} c d e^{2} + 12 \, a b c^{2} d e^{2} + b^{4} e^{3} - 5 \, a b^{2} c e^{3} + 4 \, a^{2} c^{2} e^{3}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac{2 \, c x + b}{\sqrt{-b^{2} + 4 \, a c}}\right )}{{\left (c^{3} d^{6} - 3 \, b c^{2} d^{5} e + 3 \, b^{2} c d^{4} e^{2} + 3 \, a c^{2} d^{4} e^{2} - b^{3} d^{3} e^{3} - 6 \, a b c d^{3} e^{3} + 3 \, a b^{2} d^{2} e^{4} + 3 \, a^{2} c d^{2} e^{4} - 3 \, a^{2} b d e^{5} + a^{3} e^{6}\right )} \sqrt{-b^{2} + 4 \, a c}} + \frac{6 \, c^{3} d^{5} - 13 \, b c^{2} d^{4} e + 10 \, b^{2} c d^{3} e^{2} + 4 \, a c^{2} d^{3} e^{2} - 3 \, b^{3} d^{2} e^{3} - 6 \, a b c d^{2} e^{3} + 4 \, a b^{2} d e^{4} - 2 \, a^{2} c d e^{4} - a^{2} b e^{5} + 2 \,{\left (2 \, c^{3} d^{4} e - 4 \, b c^{2} d^{3} e^{2} + 3 \, b^{2} c d^{2} e^{3} - b^{3} d e^{4} + a b^{2} e^{5} - 2 \, a^{2} c e^{5}\right )} x}{2 \,{\left (c d^{2} - b d e + a e^{2}\right )}^{3}{\left (x e + d\right )}^{2}} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]  integrate((2*c*x + b)/((c*x^2 + b*x + a)*(e*x + d)^3),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

1/2*(2*c^3*d^3 - 3*b*c^2*d^2*e + 3*b^2*c*d*e^2 - 6*a*c^2*d*e^2 - b^3*e^3 + 3*a*b
*c*e^3)*ln(c*x^2 + b*x + a)/(c^3*d^6 - 3*b*c^2*d^5*e + 3*b^2*c*d^4*e^2 + 3*a*c^2
*d^4*e^2 - b^3*d^3*e^3 - 6*a*b*c*d^3*e^3 + 3*a*b^2*d^2*e^4 + 3*a^2*c*d^2*e^4 - 3
*a^2*b*d*e^5 + a^3*e^6) - (2*c^3*d^3*e - 3*b*c^2*d^2*e^2 + 3*b^2*c*d*e^3 - 6*a*c
^2*d*e^3 - b^3*e^4 + 3*a*b*c*e^4)*ln(abs(x*e + d))/(c^3*d^6*e - 3*b*c^2*d^5*e^2
+ 3*b^2*c*d^4*e^3 + 3*a*c^2*d^4*e^3 - b^3*d^3*e^4 - 6*a*b*c*d^3*e^4 + 3*a*b^2*d^
2*e^5 + 3*a^2*c*d^2*e^5 - 3*a^2*b*d*e^6 + a^3*e^7) - (3*b^2*c^2*d^2*e - 12*a*c^3
*d^2*e - 3*b^3*c*d*e^2 + 12*a*b*c^2*d*e^2 + b^4*e^3 - 5*a*b^2*c*e^3 + 4*a^2*c^2*
e^3)*arctan((2*c*x + b)/sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c))/((c^3*d^6 - 3*b*c^2*d^5*e + 3*b^2*c*
d^4*e^2 + 3*a*c^2*d^4*e^2 - b^3*d^3*e^3 - 6*a*b*c*d^3*e^3 + 3*a*b^2*d^2*e^4 + 3*
a^2*c*d^2*e^4 - 3*a^2*b*d*e^5 + a^3*e^6)*sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c)) + 1/2*(6*c^3*d^5 -
13*b*c^2*d^4*e + 10*b^2*c*d^3*e^2 + 4*a*c^2*d^3*e^2 - 3*b^3*d^2*e^3 - 6*a*b*c*d^
2*e^3 + 4*a*b^2*d*e^4 - 2*a^2*c*d*e^4 - a^2*b*e^5 + 2*(2*c^3*d^4*e - 4*b*c^2*d^3
*e^2 + 3*b^2*c*d^2*e^3 - b^3*d*e^4 + a*b^2*e^5 - 2*a^2*c*e^5)*x)/((c*d^2 - b*d*e
+ a*e^2)^3*(x*e + d)^2)